Suchergebnisse

The relationship between scholars and practitioners is a continuing
source of concern to both communities. Each side complains about the
insularity of the other and routinely points to gaps that separate them.
Alexander George and other scholars found weak interest and lackluster
capacity on the part of academy-based social scientists to contribute
knowledge deemed useful to the policy community (George 1993; Nincic and Lepgold 2000). For their part, leading policy practitioners
have bitterly complained about what they see as the growing irrelevance of
scholarly work to the design and conduct of statecraft (Newsom
1995–1996).

The literature on governing the Internet suffers from such lacunae as overly narrow, technocratic conceptions of Internet governance; insufficient attention to governance dynamics within countries; and limited appreciation for the micro-level political and social roots of governance. This essay suggests ways they may be addressed by asking two foundational questions 'What is Internet governance and where does it come from?' 'Governance' is defined as a syndrome of norms and rules controlling property rights, market structures, equity assumptions and authoritative definitions about which social actors are permitted to participate in governance processes and which are excluded. ICT governance originates in conflict and cooperation among contending elites who negotiate across four distinct societal sectors – government, the private sector, research and development, and civil society. This distinctive pattern of four-way negotiations is termed the 'Quad', a concept that helps explain the origins of governance, and points toward theories linking the structure of the Quad with the performance of the Internet cross-nationally. The concept of the Quad contributes both to scholarly understanding of Internet governance and to improved performance by practitioners charged with real-world governance responsibilities.

Auch wenn es in den 60er Jahren schlagende Gründe für die Etablierung von Staatsbetrieben in wirtschaftlichen Schlüsselbereichen gegeben hat: zur Zeit sind vorsichtig durchgeführte Teilprivatisierungen unumgänglich, um die defizitären Staatshaushalte zu entlasten. Beispiele aus Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal und Ghana. (DÜI-Spe)